Patterns of Culture

文化的模式

新概念英语第4册第44课

新概念英语-课文

Custom has not commonly been regarded as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behaviour at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behaviour more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first - rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probings he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behaviour of the individual, as against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. When one seriously studies the social orders that have had the opportunity to develop autonomously, the figure becomes no more than an exact and matter - of - fact observation. The life - history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns of his culture. From his very birth the customs into which he is born shape his experience and behaviour. By the time he can talk, he is the little creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, its habits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.

Every culture has its own distinctive set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. These are the building blocks of the culture, and they determine the pattern of the culture. The culture pattern is the overall design of the culture, the way in which the various building blocks are put together. It is the result of the long - term evolution of the culture, and it is relatively stable. Once a culture pattern is established, it is very difficult to change. It is like a mould into which the members of the culture are poured, and they are shaped by it. The culture pattern is not only a set of rules and regulations, but also a set of values and attitudes. It is the way in which the members of the culture see the world and themselves. It is the way in which they evaluate things and people. It is the way in which they make decisions and take actions.

The study of culture patterns is an important part of anthropology. Anthropologists study the different culture patterns of different peoples, and they try to understand how these patterns are formed, how they function, and how they change. They study the relationships between the culture patterns and the social, economic, political, and religious systems of the peoples. They study the impact of the culture patterns on the individual members of the culture, and they study the impact of the individual members on the culture patterns. They try to understand the dynamics of the culture, the way in which it moves and changes. They try to understand the unity and diversity of the culture, the way in which it is both one and many. The study of culture patterns is also an important part of sociology. Sociologists study the culture patterns of different social groups, and they try to understand how these patterns are formed, how they function, and how they change. They study the relationships between the culture patterns and the social structure, the social relations, and the social processes of the social groups. They study the impact of the culture patterns on the individual members of the social groups, and they study the impact of the individual members on the culture patterns. They try to understand the dynamics of the social group, the way in which it moves and changes. They try to understand the unity and diversity of the social group, the way in which it is both one and many.

The study of culture patterns is also an important part of psychology. Psychologists study the culture patterns of different peoples, and they try to understand how these patterns are formed, how they function, and how they change. They study the relationships between the culture patterns and the mental processes, the mental states, and the mental characteristics of the peoples. They study the impact of the culture patterns on the individual members of the peoples, and they study the impact of the individual members on the culture patterns. They try to understand the dynamics of the mental processes, the way in which they move and changes. They try to understand the unity and diversity of the mental processes, the way in which it is both one and many.

The study of culture patterns is also an important part of history. Historians study the culture patterns of different peoples in different historical periods, and they try to understand how these patterns are formed, how they function, and how they change. They study the relationships between the culture patterns and the historical events, the historical processes, and the historical trends of the peoples. They study the impact of the culture patterns on the individual members of the peoples, and they study the impact of the individual members on the culture patterns. They try to understand the dynamics of the historical processes, the way in which they move and changes. They try to understand the unity and diversity of the historical processes, the way in which it is both one and many.

新概念英语-单词和短语

  • custom n.风俗
  • commonplace adj.平凡的
  • aberrant adj.异常的
  • trivial adj.琐碎的
  • predominant adj.占主导地位的
  • manifest v.表明
  • pristine adj.原始的
  • stereotype n.陈规
  • vernacular n.本地话
  • accommodation n.适应
  • distinctive adj.独特的
  • anthropology n.人类学
  • sociology n.社会学
  • psychology n.心理学
  • dynamics n.动态
  • unity n.统一性
  • diversity n.多样性

新概念英语-翻译

风俗一般未被认为是什么重要的课题。我们觉得,只有我们大脑内部的活动情况才值得研究,至于风俗呢,只是些司空见惯的行为而已。事实上,情况正好相反。从世界范围来看,传统风俗是由许多细节性的习惯行为组成,它比任何一个人在其个体行为中所能演化出来的东西要复杂得多,不管他的行为多么乖僻。然而,这只是问题的一个次要方面。最重要的是,风俗在实践中和信仰上所起的举足轻重的作用,以及它所表现出来的极其丰富的多样性。

没有人是用纯洁而无偏见的眼光看待世界。人们所看到的是一个受特定的风俗习惯、制度和思想方式剪辑过的世界。甚至在哲学领域的探索中,人们也无法超越这些定型的框框。人们关于真与假的概念依然和特定的传统风俗有关。约翰·杜威曾经非常严肃地指出:风俗在形成个人行为方面所起的作用和一个人对传统风俗的影响相比,就好像他本国语言的总词汇量和他儿时从家庭用语中学会的那些单词之比。当一个人认真地研究自发形成的社会秩序时,杜威的比喻就是他实事求是观察得来的形象化的说法。个人的生活史首先就是适应他的文化的模式。从他呱呱坠地的时刻起,他所生于其中的风俗就开始塑造他的经历和行为规范。到他会说话时,他就是传统文化塑造的一个小孩子了;等他长大成人并能参加该文化的各种活动时,该文化的习惯就是他的习惯,该文化的信仰就是他的信仰,该文化的禁忌就是他的禁忌。

每一种文化都有其独特的一套风俗、制度和思想方式。这些都是文化的组成部分,它们决定了文化的模式。文化模式是文化的总体设计,是各种文化组成部分组合的方式。它是文化长期演变的结果,并且相对稳定。一旦一种文化模式形成,就很难改变。它就像一个模具,文化成员被注入这个模具,他们就被它塑造。文化模式不仅是一套规章制度,而且是一套价值观念和态度。它是文化成员看待世界和自己的方式。它是他们评价事物和人的方式。它是他们做决策和采取行动的方式。

文化模式的研究是人类学的一个重要部分。人类学家研究不同民族的不同文化模式,试图了解这些模式是如何形成的、如何发挥作用的以及如何变化的。他们研究文化模式与各民族的社会、经济、政治和宗教制度之间的关系。他们研究文化模式对该文化的个体成员的影响,也研究个体成员对文化模式的影响。他们试图了解文化的动态,即文化运动和变化的方式。他们试图了解文化的统一性和多样性,即文化既是一个整体又是多种成分的组合方式。文化模式的研究也是社会学的一个重要部分。社会学家研究不同社会群体的文化模式,试图了解这些模式是如何形成的、如何发挥作用的以及如何变化的。他们研究文化模式与社会群体的社会结构、社会关系和社会过程之间的关系。他们研究文化模式对社会群体的个体成员的影响,也研究个体成员对文化模式的影响。他们试图了解社会群体的动态,即社会群体运动和变化的方式。他们试图了解社会群体的统一性和多样性,即社会群体既是一个整体又是多种成分的组合方式。

文化模式的研究也是心理学的一个重要部分。心理学家研究不同民族的文化模式,试图了解这些模式是如何形成的、如何发挥作用的以及如何变化的。他们研究文化模式与各民族的心理过程、心理状态和心理特征之间的关系。他们研究文化模式对各民族的个体成员的影响,也研究个体成员对文化模式的影响。他们试图了解心理过程的动态,即心理过程运动和变化的方式。他们试图了解心理过程的统一性和多样性,即心理过程既是一个整体又是多种成分的组合方式。

文化模式的研究也是历史的一个重要部分。历史学家研究不同历史时期不同民族的文化模式,试图了解这些模式是如何形成的、如何发挥作用的以及如何变化的。他们研究文化模式与各民族的历史事件、历史进程和历史趋势之间的关系。他们研究文化模式对各民族的个体成员的影响,也研究个体成员对文化模式的影响。他们试图了解历史进程的动态,即历史进程运动和变化的方式。他们试图了解历史进程的统一性和多样性,即历史进程既是一个整体又是多种成分的组合方式。

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